For example lets say I have a machine named rouge-01 and I create a CNAME DNS entry in the domain controller for testrouge

If I browse to \\testrouge on machine rouge-01 this comes up

To fix this open regedit and go here:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\MSV1_0

Add new Multi-String Value
Name: BackConnectionHostNames
Data: testrouge

In my example I added the FQDN as well

No reboot was needed the changes happened immediately

After that when I go to \\testrouge it shows the shares on the machine

References:
https://community.spiceworks.com/topic/82281-unc-path-using-dns-alias-cname-on-local-server-doesn-t-work